- 性骚扰
- 未经双方同意的性接触(或企图进行性接触)
- 未经双方同意的性行为(或企图进行性行为)
- 性剥削
不正当的性行为
根据定义，性骚扰是:
- 不受欢迎的，基于性别的语言或身体行为，
- 足够严重，持续和普遍，
- 不合理地干扰, denies or limits someone’s ability to participate in or benefit from the university’s educational program and/or activities
重要的是要注意，骚扰可能发生在各种情况下, 包括面对面的交流, 电子邮件, 以及其他形式的书面交流, 社交媒体, 等.
骚扰的例子
我们大多数人都熟悉性骚扰的一般概念, 然而，构成骚扰的行为可以包括各种各样的行为. 不适当的接触, 评论, 手势, or other behaviors that reasonably make another individual uncomfortable enough to interfere with their ability to fully participate in their educational program or unemployment constitute sexual harassment when a part of a pattern of conduct meeting the definition set forth above. Other examples that are punishable when they meet the above harassment standard include attempts to: coerce an unwilling person into a sexual relationship; repeatedly subject a person to inappropriate, unwelcome sexual attention; punish a refusal to comply with a sexual based request; or condition a benefit on submitting to sexual advances. The key notion is not what you intend – it’s about the interpretation of the victim, as well as the interpretation of a reasonable person in that victim’s position.
Here are a few concrete examples that may help to provide additional understanding:
- A professor insists that a student have sex with him/her in exchange for a good grade. 不管学生是否答应要求，这都是骚扰.
- A student repeatedly sends sexually oriented jokes around on an email list s/he created, 即使被要求停止, causing one recipient to avoid the sender on campus and in the residence hall in which they live.
- 顾问的办公室里陈列着露骨的色情图片, 在宿舍门的外面, 或者在公共场所的电脑显示器上.
- 两名主管经常“评价”几名员工的身材和性感, 暗示性地评论他们的衣着和外表.
- A professor engages students in discussions in class about their past sexual experiences, yet the conversation is not in any way germane to the subject matter of the class. 她探查明确的细节, 并要求学生回答她的问题, 尽管他们显然感到不舒服和犹豫.
- An ex-girlfriend widely spreads false stories about her sex life with her former boyfriend to the clear discomfort of the boyfriend, 把他变成了校园里的弃儿
- Male students take to calling a particular student “Monica” because of her resemblance to Monica Lewinsky. 很快, 大家都给她取了这个外号, 她也是人们对雪茄无休止的评论的目标, 总统, "性关系"和减肥中心.
- A student grabbed another student by the hair, then grabbed her breast and put his mouth on it. 他说这只是开玩笑，但这是不合适的，也不允许的.
性骚扰的三种类型——法律构念
根据法院的定义，存在三种不同类型的性骚扰. 所有这些都同样令人震惊，不恰当，不可接受. The policy seeks to deliver clear definitions of these three different legal constructs to ensure that all members of our university community appreciate the complexity and inclusiveness of the term.
A. 充满敌意的环境 includes any situation in which there is harassing conduct that is sufficiently severe, 无处不在的, and objectively offensive that it alters the conditions of employment or limits, 妨碍或拒绝教育利益或机会的, from both a subjective (the alleged victim’s) and an objective (reasonable person’s) viewpoint.
B. 交换条件 性骚扰存在于以下情况:
1)不受欢迎的性侵犯, requests for sexual favors or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature; and
2) submission to or rejection of such conduct results in adverse educational or employment action.
交换条件的意思是“用这个换那个”.“从本质上来说, this type of sexual harassment occurs when an individual reasonably believes that consent to or rejection of an unwelcome request for sex would have consequences in their educational or employment status. A concrete example would be a supervisor who suggests to an employee that she might not get promoted if she does not have sex with the supervisor – or that the promotion possibility would be helped by agreeing to engage in sex.
C. 报复性的骚扰 is any adverse employment or educational action taken against a person because of the person’s participation in a complaint or investigation of discrimination or sexual misconduct. An example would be if a professor fails a student unfairly through retaliation because he was upset by the fact that the student brought forth a complaint of sexual harassment charge against him.
非自愿性接触:
非自愿的性接触是
- 任何有意的性接触，
- 然而轻微,
- 对于任何物体，
- 一个男人或一个女人对一个男人或一个女人，
- 这是未经同意和/或使用武力.
性接触包括:
- 故意接触乳房、臀部、腹股沟或生殖器，或
- 用这些身体部位碰别人，或者
- 用这些身体部位再碰你或他们一次，或者
- 任何有意的性行为的身体接触, 虽然不涉及乳房接触, 臀部, 腹股沟, 生殖器, 口或其它孔.
非自愿性交:
非自愿性交是
- 任何性行为
- 然而轻微,
- 对于任何物体，
- 一个男人或一个女人对一个男人或一个女人，
- 这是未经同意和/或使用武力.
行为包括:
- 阴茎、物体、舌头或手指插入阴道
- 用阴茎、物体、舌头或手指插入肛门
- 口腔性交(口对生殖器接触或生殖器对口腔接触), 无论多么轻微的插入或接触.
性剥削
Sexual exploitation occurs when a student takes non-consensual or abusive sexual advantage of another for his/her own advantage or benefit, 或者对任何人有利，而不是被剥削的人, and that behavior does not otherwise constitute one of other sexual misconduct offenses. 性剥削的例子包括但不限于:
- 侵犯性隐私;
- 使其他学生卖淫的;
- non-consensual video or audio-taping of sexual activity (including use of cell phone);
- positioning camera and taking photos/videos in such a way as to capture another person’s body revealing
外露的生殖器或其他性部位; - going beyond the boundaries of consent (such as letting your friends hide in the closet to watch you having consensual sex);
- 偷窥的;
- 故意将性传播感染或艾滋病毒传染给其他学生;
- Exposing one’s 生殖器 in non-consensual circumstances; inducing another to expose their 生殖器;
- Sexually-based stalking and/or bullying may also be forms of sexual exploitation
关键的一点:
同意同意是明确的、知情的和自愿的. 同意是主动的，不是被动的. 沉默，就其本身而言，不能被解释为同意. 同意可以通过言语或行动来表达, as long as those words or actions create mutually understandable clear permission regarding willingness to engage in (and the conditions of) sexual activity. 每次性行为都必须主动表示同意. 同意 can never be given by minors or by those who are mentally and/or physically incapacitated.